Capsules can be seen by viewing bacteria in India ink. LPS can be toxic to a host and can stimulate the host's immune system.Ĭapsule: This layer of polysaccharide (sometimes proteins) protects the bacterial cell and is often associated with pathogenic bacteria because it serves as a barrier against phagocytosis by white blood cells. Outer Membrane: This lipid bilayer is found in Gram negative bacteria and is the location of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in these bacteria. Prokaryotic membranes contain 40 lipid and 60 protein. Mycoplasma are bacteria that have no cell wall and therefore have no definite shape. Membrane Structure Eukaryotic cell membranes are typically composed of lipids and proteins in a near 50:50 ratio, i.e., they contain about 50 lipids and 50 proteins of various types. The three primary shapes in bacteria are coccus (spherical), bacillus (rod-shaped) and spirillum (spiral). In the space are enzymes and other proteins that help digest and move nutrients into the cell.Ĭell Wall: Composed of peptidoglycan (polysaccharides + protein), the cell wall maintains the overall shape of a bacterial cell. Periplasmic Space: This cellular compartment is found only in those bacteria that have both an outer membrane and plasma membrane (e.g.
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